Facial surgery, encompassed within oral and maxillofacial surgery, comprises the surgical procedures used to correct, reconstruct, or rehabilitate the bones, soft tissues, and dentoalveolar structures of the face, jaws, and mouth. It addresses developmental skeletal discrepancies, dentofacial deformities, traumatic …
Facial surgery, encompassed within oral and maxillofacial surgery, comprises the surgical procedures used to correct, reconstruct, or rehabilitate the bones, soft tissues, and dentoalveolar structures of the face, jaws, and mouth. It addresses developmental skeletal discrepancies, dentofacial deformities, traumatic injuries, and functional disturbances of mastication, speech, and the airway, as well as the aesthetic relationships of the facial skeleton. Orthognathic surgery repositions the maxilla and mandible to resolve malocclusions that cannot be managed by tooth movement alone, frequently in coordination with orthodontic preparation and finishing. Treatment planning relies on cephalometric analysis, including antero-posterior and vertical parameter evaluation, to quantify skeletal relationships and to characterize facial asymmetries before intervention. Combined orthodontic and surgical management is central to severe Class III malocclusion and related skeletal patterns in adults, where coordinated decompensation and surgical correction restore occlusal function and facial balance. Maxillofacial trauma surgery treats fractures and soft-tissue injuries of the midface and mandible, and epidemiological studies of injury patterns inform prevention measures such as protective helmet use. Adjunctive techniques, including mini-implant anchorage and skeletally supported palatal expansion, extend the surgical and orthodontic repertoire for correcting open-bite, transverse, and sagittal discrepancies of the facial complex.
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