Incisors are the chisel-shaped teeth at the front of the dental arches, adapted for cutting and shearing food during the initial stage of mastication. In the permanent human dentition there are eight—a central and a lateral incisor in each quadrant of the maxilla and mandible—each presenting a single root and a flat…
Incisors are the chisel-shaped teeth at the front of the dental arches, adapted for cutting and shearing food during the initial stage of mastication. In the permanent human dentition there are eight—a central and a lateral incisor in each quadrant of the maxilla and mandible—each presenting a single root and a flat, blade-like incisal edge. They are among the first teeth to erupt in both the primary and permanent dentitions and, owing to their anterior position, are central to facial aesthetics, lip support, smile design, and the articulation of speech sounds. In orthodontics, incisor position and inclination are key references for evaluating malocclusion: their relationship defines overjet and overbite, distinguishes Class I, II, and III patterns, and guides cephalometric analysis and treatment planning, including the correction of crowding, spacing, protrusion, and open-bite or deep-bite relationships. Because of their visibility and exposure, incisors are frequently involved in traumatic injury and are common candidates for restorative and prosthetic intervention. When lost or congenitally absent, they may be replaced or supported with dental implants, fixed prostheses, or orthodontic space management. Their morphology, eruption timing, and alignment are therefore of particular relevance to restorative dentistry, oral implantology, orthodontics, and oral and maxillofacial practice.
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