Open Access Pub publishes peer-reviewed, free-to-read open-access articles. Showing
articles matching Adipose tissue — open any to read the full text,
or download the PDF or XML.
Jul 2017 DOI 10.14302/issn.2379-7835.ijn-17-1636
R. Holt PeterCorresponding author
The Rockefeller University
Adipose tissue inflammation is associated with obesity comorbidities. Reducing such inflammation may ameliorate these comorbidities. n-3 fatty acids have been reported to have anti-inflammatory properties in obesity, which may modulate this inflammatory state. In the current study a 1 gram per day oral supplement of the n-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was administered for 12 weeks to 10 grade 12 obese postmenopausal women and markers of adipose tissue and systemic inflammation measured and compared before and after supplementation. DHA administration resulted in approximately a doubling of plasma and red cell phospholipid and adipose tissue DHA content but no change in systemic markers of inflammation, such as circulating C-reactive protein (CRP) or interleukins (IL) 6, 8 and 10 (IL-6, IL-8, IL-10). DHA supplementation did not alter the adipose tissue marker of inflammation crown-like structure density nor did it affect any gene expression pathways, including anti-inflammatory, hypoxic and lipid metabolism pathways. The obese postmenopausal women studied were otherwise healthy, which leads us to suggest that in such women DHA supplementation is not an effective means for reducing adipose tissue or systemic inflammation. Further testing is warranted to determine if n-3 fatty acids may ameliorate inflammation in other, perhaps less healthy, populations of obese individuals.
Nov 2016 DOI 10.14302/issn.2574-450X.jom-16-1268
DV MuralidharaCorresponding author
Faculty of Medicine, University Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu
Human obesity is now universal and has drawn serious attention of international academia to unravel its pathophysiology and treatment. In recent years, efforts are being made to understand the complex physiology of both white and brown adipose tissue in detail with relevance to obesity. A large number of secretions from the white fat called the adipokines have been recognized that play a definitive role in obesity and its disorders. Innumerable regulators grouped mainly under the transcriptional, hormonal and signaling factors that govern the thermogenic functions of brown fat have been worked out. Based on these revelations, strong suggestions have been made for treating obesity specially by targeting the brown fat as it plays a key role in energy expenditure as well as through behavioral, pharmacological, physiological and surgical approaches. Such findings have been reported in a nutshell in this communication
Mar 2021 DOI 10.14302/issn.2574-4372.jesr-20-3593
Hernández Víctor Manuel VargasCorresponding author
Female Health Clinic, Mexico
Background Women play an important role in the work setting. This leads them to put off their motherhood, sometimes preventing them from getting pregnant. Delaying pregnancy face women with low ovarian response, such as in Premature Ovarian Insufficiency (POI) or Ovarian Aging (OA). There is no current treatment, although there is evidence of improving ovarian function by inyecting mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). Materials and Methods Prospective, observational study of 17 women who attended Pronatal Clinic from 2019 to 2020. Each patient was registered in Assisted Reproductive Treatment (ART) and was enrolled in ovarian treatment with an autologous adipose tissue Mesenchymal Stem Cell (AD-MSCs) protocol. Three groups were assembled: 1) Control: AMH >1.2 ng/mL, without AD-MSCs, 2) POI/OA: female infertility due to POI/OA with AMH <1.2 ng/mL and 3) Amenorrhea: female infertility due to POI/OA with amenorrhea and AMH <1.2 ng/mL. Variables: Age, weight, height, serum AMH, endometrial thickness, follicular size and number on day 2 and 11 of the menstrual cycle, oocyte number, number of blastocysts and pregnancy rate. Results Between month 2 and 5, after AD-MSCs inyection, POI/OA group showed an increase in follicle number (2 to 9) and size (13.5 to 15.5 mm) on day 11 of the menstrual cycle, which resulted in a higher number of MII oocytes (2.6 to 4.2), and an increase in number of blastocysts (0 to 3) and endometrial thickness (8.6 to 9.4). Regarding the Amenorrhea group, a reboot in menstrual cycle was observed, although no further development of blastocyst was found. Conclusion The AD-MSCs inyection directly in the ovary allowed an increase in number of blastocysts and improved pregnancy rates in POI/OA patients.
Oct 2019 DOI 10.14302/issn.2574-450X.jom-19-2852
Radwan EHCorresponding author
Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Damanhour University, Egypt.
Obesity can be defined as a condition of abnormal or excess fat accumulation in adipose tissue, to the extent that health may be impaired. Fennel is one of the oldest spice plants which widely grows in arid and semi-arid and due to its economic importance and pharmaceutical industry usage. This plant has anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect and is effective in gastrointestinal disorder treatment. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the phytochemical characteristics and therapeutic properties of this medicinal plant. The current study demonstrates that the alteration induced by high fat diet causing changes in blood parameters. These changes are exhibited through a decrease in RBCs, Ht, Hb and platelet and these changes could be due to oxidative stress, which lead to lipid peroxidation in RBCs membranes, auto oxidation of hemoglobin. As regards the total WBCs, lymphocytes and monocytes showed marked decrease. While a distinct increase in the percentage of neutrophils and eosinophil. The present, demonstrates that rats treated with (fennel), (ator) and (fennel with ator) exposure provided significant protection to the altered hematological variables. The effect of the treatment with fennel and ator more effect than fennel only and ator only. The finding of this study indicates that the concentration of Malondialdehyde (MDA) and Myeloperoxidase (MPO) in liver homogenates of the fennel and ator group significant decrease than group (3) and group (4) and the obese group. There is a growing awareness that obesity is a prime risk factor for the development of dyslipidemia profile and that oxidative stress may play a role in various adverse effects of obesity.
Oct 2019 DOI 10.14302/issn.2379-7835.ijn-19-3011
Fujii TakakoCorresponding author
Exercise Nutrition Laboratory, Graduate School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Osaka University of Health and Sport Sciences, Osaka, Japan
The skeletal muscle mass varies by race. Dietary habits over generations are a factor that influences the skeletal muscle mass, as well as genetic factors. Therefore, we investigated the effects of diets with different macronutrient contents on exercise-induced muscle hypertrophy in rats. Male 4-week-old Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups: a normal-diet (N), high-protein diet (HP) and high-fat diet (HF) group. The food intake was manipulated to gain comparable body weight across the three groups. All rats were performed a climbing exercise training for 8 weeks. The final body weight and weight of the liver, kidneys and adipose tissues did not significantly differ among the groups. The flexor hallucis longus was significantly higher in the HF group than in the HP group. The total lipid content in the muscle was significantly higher in the HF group than in the N group, while it did not differ significantly between the HF and HP groups. There were no marked differences in the water or protein content in the muscle among the groups. The plasma amino acid concentration was significantly or tended to be lower in the HP group than in the HF or N group, except for the branched-chain amino acid concentration, which tended to be higher after ingesting the HP diet than other diets. These findings suggest that consuming an HP diet is not likely to facilitate exercise-induced muscle hypertrophy, partly due to the plasma amino acid imbalance induced by habitual HP diet consumption.
Sep 2019 DOI 10.14302/issn.2572-5424.jgm-19-3024
Hayat Khan SikandarCorresponding author
PNS HAFEEZ Hospital
Background The objective of this review is to unify the various genetic defects along with elaborating metabolic pathways in Familial Combined Hyperlipidemia(FCHL) and also to differentiate the phenotype of FCHL from metabolic syndrome. Methods PubMed and Cochrane’s library was searched for keyword “Familial combined hyperlipidemia” and latter with “Familial combined hyperlipidemia genes” to finally shortlist 23 articles. Further search with key words “molecular pathogenesis of familial combined hyperlipidemia” and “metabolic syndrome and familial combined hyperlipidemia” was carried out for finding molecular defects in FCHL, non-molecular findings distinguishing FCHL from metabolic syndrome and overlapping features between FCHL and metabolic syndrome. Results Major culprit regions identified included Chromosome-1q21-q24(USF1 and FOXA2) , Ch-11q (APOA5), Ch-16q24, Ch-20q12-q13.1, Ch.4q32.3 (rs6829588), and Ch-19q13.32 containing PVRL-2 gene (Also known as Nectin-2). The genetic and metabolic pathways linked to FCHL may involve: 1-Defective clearance of Apo-B containing lipoproteins, 2-Overproduction of Apo-B containing lipoprotein i.e., VLDL and 3-Adipose tissue dysfunction. FCHL phenotype showed close resemblance with metabolic syndrome clinical and biochemical features with slight differences. Conclusion The reviewed data suggested that FCHL phenotype is the resultant end outcome from multiple molecular defects and thus underlying genetic defect identification in the index case is important for personalized medicine and incoming gene therapy. Further research is warranted to explore specific genetic defects.
Jan 2019 DOI 10.14302/issn.2641-9181.ijnr-18-2530
Ozcelik FatihCorresponding author
University of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Istanbul, Turkey
Nowadays, obesity is seriously threatening healthy life in all societies, especially in developed societies. Obesity is showing its likely effects through biologically active substances called adipokines. The most familiar of these is leptin. Leptin is synthesized in directly proportional to the amount of adipose tissue and reduced appetite by stimulating the satiety center. This status is like a protective mechanism that tries to reverse severe pathological process. Similar to this behavior of leptin, thyroid hormones are increasing in the advanced stages of obesity, increasing the resting energy expenditure (REE). The accelerating oxidative phosphorylation causes the use of energy as heat, the energy that has not transformed into ATP, together with ATP synthesis. This situation, the significant portion of energy provides to consumed instead of storing as fat. In addition, finding that T3 accelerates glucose transport and the TCA cycle without changing the rate of ATP synthesis in skeletal muscles suggests that thyroid hormones may be an effective tool in standing against obesity. In addition of that, the presence of studies indicating that thyroid hormones have an increasing tendency in the advanced stages of obesity is likely thought to be a rescuer mechanism to increase the effectiveness of suppressed thyroid hormones. On the contrary of these ideas, having been reported suppressing 5’-deiodinease enzyme activity in chronic diseases causes anxiety about the effectiveness of thyroid hormones in obesity. Based on available information, we aimed to prepare a review evaluating of this adaptive condition of thyroid hormones.
Nov 2018
Shiau Ming-YuhCorresponding author
Department of Nursing, College of Nursing, Hungkuang University, Taichung, Taiwan.
Pre-adipocytes are the precursors with the potential to make new fat cells during adipose tissue expansion. Nevertheless, the pre-adipocytes behaviors, and their possible roles in energy homeostasis have long been overlooked. Our previous study implicates that interleukin-4 (IL-4) plays a positive metabolic role by promoting insulin sensitivity and inhibiting lipid accumulation. Besides, abundant evidence shows the involvement of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) in the process of adipose tissue expansion. The present study aimed at examining the cross talk among glucose, insulin and IL-4 on regulating MMP-2 expression and activity in 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes. Effects of insulin and/or IL-4 on MMP-2 expression and activity were examined in pre-adipocytes under euglycemic or hyperglycemic environment by RT-PCR and gelatin zymography, respectively. Our results revealed that glucose level is a pre-requisite for pre-adipocytes responding to insulin and/or IL-4 treatment. In high glucose-containing environment, short-term acute insulin treatment (AI) and long-term chronic insulin exposure (CI) showed opposite regulation to MMP-2 expression and activity. Interestingly, the dominant MMPs regulatory role of CI under euglycemic condition was attenuated in cells exposed to high glucose concentration. Our results suggest pre-adipocytes may participate in the process of increasing adiposity, diabetic onset and diabetic complications through ECM alterations resulted from the insulin- and/or glucose- mediated changes of MMP-2 activity. The present study uncovers novel observations regarding pre-adipocytes behaviors.
Jul 2016 DOI 10.14302/issn.2379-7835.ijn-16-986
S Yarak,Corresponding author
Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Dermatology Department.
Abstract: Several researchers have suggested that a targeted diet for reducing theadipose tissue may interfere with the severity of cellulite. Others emphasize that the diet composition seems to play a more relevant role than the calorie profile for weight loss and cellulite control. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of a controlled diet on body composition and cellulite improvement in adult women. Methods: Thirty two healthy women, aged from 25 to 40 were included. They receivedan orientation for a controlled diet to be followed for 3 months. Assessments were performed at the baseline and the end of the study which included four parameters: 1) Photonumeric cellulite severity scale; 2) Anthropometric measuremets 3) Skin elasticity (Cutometer®) and 4) Collagen density or echogenicity and length of the dermis-hypodermis interface line (ultrasonography - DermaScan®). The data was compared with the Paired T-test, Wilcoxon and Pearson's correlation for statistical analyses. Results: Only 14 completed the study. Although the scores of photonumeric scalereduced, there was no difference in the grade of cellulite severity. There were significant reductions in body measurement. The skin elasticity showed no significant change. On the other hand, the dermal density or echogenicity showed a significant increase in the right and left sides (p = 0.05 and p = 0.005, respectively); however, no difference was observed in the lenght of dermis-hypodermis line. Conclusion: the controlled diet was effective for the reduction of weight and body composition, but despite the increase in dermal collagen density, no clinical effect on cellulite could be detected.