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Jun 2020 DOI 10.14302/issn.2577-2279.ijha-20-3445
Musa Fadlelmula Awadelseid KhalidCorresponding author
Jazan University, Faculty of Medicine, Anatomy and Embryology Department, Sudan
The passage of the posterior tibial nerve in the tarsal tunnel has a great clinical significance, thus detailed anatomical knowledge is mandatory for safe clinical intervention. This study was to identify the morphological appearance of the tibial nerve and its bifurcation. Sixty lower limbs of formalin embalmed cadavers were randomly selected. Data were collected through the application of standard dissection method of the tarsal tunnel of lower limbs (30 rights and 30 left) of formalin embalmed cadavers. The posterior tibial nerve and its branches were exposed from the distal end of the leg toward plantar surface beyond its bifurcation by resecting the skin and flexor retinaculum. The study triggered several findings: The posterior tibial nerve is flattened shaped in 21 specimens 70% and has a rounded shape in 9 specimens 30%in the right foot. In the left foot it is flattened in 17 specimens 56.7% and rounded shape in 13 specimens 43.3%. Posterior tibial nerve bifurcates into medial and lateral planter nerves inside tarsal tunnel in 20 specimens 66.7% in the right foot and in 21 specimens 70% in the left foot. This study concludes that posterior tibial nerve commonly has flattened shape and divided into medial and lateral planter nerves inside tarsal tunnel.
Sep 2019 DOI 10.14302/issn.2577-2279.ijha-19-3013
Musa Fadlelmula Awadelseid KhalidCorresponding author
Jazan University -Faculty of Medicine, Anatomy &Embryology department, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia –Jazan
The medial calcaneal nerve (MCN) is the first branch of the posterior tibial nerve (PTN) in the porta pedis, enervates the skin of the heel and medial side of the foot. Heel pain is a common condition encountered by physicians, and this may have a significant clinical association with the MCN’s branching pattern. This study was to identify branching pattern variations in the medial calcaneal neurovascular bundle. This study was carried out using 60lower limbs of formalin-embalmed cadavers, using the tarsal tunnel dissection method for 30right and 30 left lower limbs. The medial calcaneal neurovascular bundle course was identified by exposing the PTN and its branches from the distal end of the leg toward the plantar surface beyond its bifurcation and resecting the skin and flexor retinaculum. Many MCN branching pattern variations (specifically concerning origins, numbers, and levels of branching) were observed. In the right foot a single branch was present in 21 specimens (70%), while two branches were observed in nine specimens (30%). In the left foot, a single branch was present in 22 specimens (73.3%) and two branches were present in 8 specimens (26.7%). In this study, two branches originate from lateral planter artery is the most common observation. This study concludes that a single MCN originating from the TN is the most common variant. Two medial calcaneal arteries (MCAs) originating from the LPA is also common.
Sep 2017 DOI 10.14302/issn.2832-4048.jsm-17-1621
A. Koryak YuriCorresponding author
SSC of the Russian Federation − Institute of Biomedical Problems of the RAS
The effects of long-term space flight on human triceps surae (TS) muscle function and electromechanical delay (EMD) have been investigated. Voluntary and electrically evoked contractions of the TS were obtained from 7 male cosmonauts 30 days before and 3 days after landing. For all cosmonauts the isometric maximal voluntary contraction was reduced by 41.7 % (p < 0.01), whereas the electrically evoked maximal tetanic contraction force (Po) was found to decrease by 25.6 % (p < 0.05). Force deficit increased by 50 % (p < 0.001). This suggests that most of the force loss is due to a reduction in motor drive (motor control). The decrease in Po was associated with a significant increase of the corresponding maximal rates of tension development (43.7 %). The twitch tension (Pt) was not significantly changed and the Pt/Po ratio was increased by 46.7 % (p < 0.05) after space mission. The twitch time-to-peak tension of the TS increased by 7.7 %, but half-relaxation time decreased by 20.6 %. Force-velocity properties of the TS calculated according to a relative scale of voluntary contraction development significantly decreased. The calculations of the same properties of electrically evoked contraction development did not differ substantially from the initial physiological state. Total reaction time (TRT), pre-motor time (PMR) and motor time or EMD were determined. In response to a supramaximal single electrical pulses applied to the tibial nerve, the latent period between the M-wave and Рt beginning was determined. The voluntary contraction EMD increased by 34.1 %; but PMR and TRT decreased by 19.0 and 14.1 %, respectively. The EMD of electrically evoked contraction did not significantly change. Thus, the comparison of the mechanical alterations recorded during voluntary contractions and in contractions evoked by electrical stimulation of the motor nerve, suggests that weightlessness not only modifies the peripheral processes associated with contractions, but also changes central and/or neural command of the contraction.