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Aug 2023 DOI 10.14302/issn.2694-2275.jzr-23-4642
Zahoor TayyabaCorresponding author
The study was conducted to determine the effect of Nigella sativa (Kalonji) and Honey as an anti-inflammatory agent for humans and animals. The study was carried out on 20 Albino Mice of almost equal size and weight. All the mice were given 5% solution of formalin in a dose of 0.5ml injection in their right hind paw to produce artificial inflammation. The mice were divided into four groups of five animals in each and were randomly allotted to four treatments as Group A (Control) where no Nigella sativa extract and honey were given, Group B where the mice were given only the ethanolic extract of Nigella sativa in the dose of 0.05ml injection as a remedy of inflammation, Group C where the mice were given only the honey orally in a dose of 0.05mg and Group D where mice were given 50% (0.025ml) intraperitoneally of Nigella sativaextract and 50% (0.75mg) of honey as an anti-inflammatory agents. The data was statistically analyzed by the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and the results showed that the inflammation was significantly (p<0.05) reduced in mice given treatments compared to untreated control group and among treated groups. The mice given the extract of Nigella sativa (Group B) showed better results (p<0.05) in reducing the inflammation compared to other groups (C and D), Group D where the mice were given 50% (0.025ml) Nigella sativa extract and 50% (0.75mg) honey showed better results (p<0.05) than mice given only honey. Overall, both the extract of Nigellasativa and the honey were almost equally successful in reducing the inflammation in mice which showed that these two agents can successfully be used as anti-inflammatory drugs in humans and animals.
Jun 2020 DOI 10.14302/issn.2577-2279.ijha-20-3445
Musa Fadlelmula Awadelseid KhalidCorresponding author
Jazan University, Faculty of Medicine, Anatomy and Embryology Department, Sudan
The passage of the posterior tibial nerve in the tarsal tunnel has a great clinical significance, thus detailed anatomical knowledge is mandatory for safe clinical intervention. This study was to identify the morphological appearance of the tibial nerve and its bifurcation. Sixty lower limbs of formalin embalmed cadavers were randomly selected. Data were collected through the application of standard dissection method of the tarsal tunnel of lower limbs (30 rights and 30 left) of formalin embalmed cadavers. The posterior tibial nerve and its branches were exposed from the distal end of the leg toward plantar surface beyond its bifurcation by resecting the skin and flexor retinaculum. The study triggered several findings: The posterior tibial nerve is flattened shaped in 21 specimens 70% and has a rounded shape in 9 specimens 30%in the right foot. In the left foot it is flattened in 17 specimens 56.7% and rounded shape in 13 specimens 43.3%. Posterior tibial nerve bifurcates into medial and lateral planter nerves inside tarsal tunnel in 20 specimens 66.7% in the right foot and in 21 specimens 70% in the left foot. This study concludes that posterior tibial nerve commonly has flattened shape and divided into medial and lateral planter nerves inside tarsal tunnel.
Sep 2019 DOI 10.14302/issn.2577-2279.ijha-19-3013
Musa Fadlelmula Awadelseid KhalidCorresponding author
Jazan University -Faculty of Medicine, Anatomy &Embryology department, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia –Jazan
The medial calcaneal nerve (MCN) is the first branch of the posterior tibial nerve (PTN) in the porta pedis, enervates the skin of the heel and medial side of the foot. Heel pain is a common condition encountered by physicians, and this may have a significant clinical association with the MCN’s branching pattern. This study was to identify branching pattern variations in the medial calcaneal neurovascular bundle. This study was carried out using 60lower limbs of formalin-embalmed cadavers, using the tarsal tunnel dissection method for 30right and 30 left lower limbs. The medial calcaneal neurovascular bundle course was identified by exposing the PTN and its branches from the distal end of the leg toward the plantar surface beyond its bifurcation and resecting the skin and flexor retinaculum. Many MCN branching pattern variations (specifically concerning origins, numbers, and levels of branching) were observed. In the right foot a single branch was present in 21 specimens (70%), while two branches were observed in nine specimens (30%). In the left foot, a single branch was present in 22 specimens (73.3%) and two branches were present in 8 specimens (26.7%). In this study, two branches originate from lateral planter artery is the most common observation. This study concludes that a single MCN originating from the TN is the most common variant. Two medial calcaneal arteries (MCAs) originating from the LPA is also common.
Dec 2017 DOI 10.14302/issn.2577-2279.ijha-17-1719
N’dri Oka DominiqueCorresponding author
Neurosurgery Unit, Yopougon Teaching Hospital, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
Background Thalamic radiations also known as thalamocortical pathways are reciprocal myelinated nerve fibers, arranged in a fanning pattern, grouped into tracts or fasciculi; and connecting the thalamus to the cerebral cortex. Detailed in vitro study of these tracts is seldom reported in the literature. Objective We sought to describe the microanatomy of thalamic radiations by means of the fiber-dissection technique to discuss challenges in dissection techniques and anatomic nomenclature, and follow through with a literature review. Methods Twenty formalin-fixed normal human hemispheres were dissected according to Klingler’s fiber-dissection technique under operative microscope. Results Thalamic radiations are reciprocal myelinated nerve fibers connecting the thalamus to the cerebral cortex and are referred to as corticothalamic and thalamocortical tracts. They are the most medial fibers of the internal capsule and consist of anterior (thalamofrontal), superior (thalamo-fronto-parietal or thalamoparietal), posterior (thalamooccipital) and inferior (thalamotemporal) thalamic fasciculi. Conclusion From the cerebral cortex, thalamic radiation fibers fan out into the thalamus and are the most medial fibers of the internal capsule. There is a great deal of controversy surrounding the distinction between anterior and superior thalamic radiations, sub-ependymal stratum and the fronto-occipital fasciculus.
Aug 2017 DOI 10.14302/issn.2688-5328.ijp-17-1600
Zlatanova HristinaCorresponding author
Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University Plovdiv, 15 A Vassil Aprilov blvd., 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
The objective of our study was to evaluate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity, as well as possible organ toxicity of 2-3-3-methyl-pentanoic acid (compound 3d), a newly synthesized pyrrolic derivative, structurally similar to Celecoxib. Antinociception was assessed using animal pain models with thermal and chemical stimuli (paw withdrawal, tail-flick and formalin test). Anti-inflammatory activity was measured using the carrageenan-induced paw edema model. Blood samples were collected from the animals to study possible organ toxicity. All experiments were performed on male Wistar rats. The results in our study show that in experimental conditions 2-3-3-methyl-pentanoic acid has analgesic action against thermal and chemical stimuli. This effect is registered after both single and multiple administration of the compound. In the carrageenan model after single administration compound 3d did not inhibit formation of paw edema. After multiple administration all doses of compound 3d significantly suppressed paw edema at second, third and fourth hours. Hematological tests showed that compound 3d did not affect red blood cells and platelets but decreased white blood cell levels and the highest used dose decreased hemoglobin as well. Compound 3d decreased blood sugar levels and liver transaminases, compared to the control. Compound 3d did not affect creatinine levels but the smallest dose used lowered blood urea. We concluded antinociception in the tested compound is most likely mediated by supraspinal, spinal and peripheral mechanisms. Possible tolerance develops towards the analgesic action on spinal level after continuous administration. Anti-inflammatory activity, though significant, is probably not the leading cause for antinociception.