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Dec 2025 DOI 10.14302/issn.2643-2811.jmbr-25-5731
Mukeredzi InnocentCorresponding author
Background Typhoid fever remains a significant public health issue in Harare City, Zimbabwe, exacerbated by recurrent outbreaks between 2018 and 2020. Key challenges, including inadequate water supply and sanitation infrastructure, high population density, and limited healthcare access, have intensified the disease burden. Understanding the key transmission drivers and assessing the impact of various interventions are essential for informing policy and health strategies. Objectives This study aimed to: 1: To predict future trends in typhoid fever cases Harare City typhoid hot areas. 2: To develop a mathematical model to simulate the spread of typhoid fever incidence under different intervention scenarios and recommend evidence-based strategies for reducing the disease burden in Harare City. Methods A dynamic compartmental SIR-based model, adapted from the Pitzer Vaccine Effectiveness (VE) framework, was employed to simulate disease transmission. This model accounted for both short-cycle (human-to-human) and long-cycle (environmental) transmission pathways. Data from Harare City (2018–2020) were used for model calibration and forecasting, and sensitivity analysis was performed to assess the impact of different intervention levels. Findings The model identified inadequate sanitation, contaminated water sources, and low health- seeking behaviors as primary drivers of typhoid transmission. In the absence of interventions, the model projected a sustained high rate of transmission. However, treatment and WASH interventions could reduce the disease burden by 50–60%, while combined strategies incorporating vaccination and education led to an 80% reduction in cases. Sensitivity analysis indicated that treatment and WASH interventions were particularly impactful at moderate coverage levels. Conclusion Mathematical modeling effectively demonstrated the multifactorial drivers of typhoid fever transmission in Harare. Integrated interventions that combine WASH, vaccination, treatment, and education present the most promising approach for long-term control of the disease. The findings offer a solid, data-driven foundation for public health decision-making and resource allocation.
Mar 2025 DOI 10.14302/issn.2638-4469.japb-25-5395
Divakar ChennamsettiCorresponding author
Plant leaf diseases pose significant threats to crop yield and agricultural sustainability, making early and accurate detection crucial for effective disease management. In current years, deep neural network (DNN) techniques have shown remarkable potential in the field of image classification, including plant disease detection. The study aims to investigate the performance of two popular deep learning architectures, namely, VGG16 and InceptionResNetV2, for the detection of tomato plant leaf disease. The proposed methodology involves acquiring a diverse dataset comprising high-resolution images of healthy and diseased leaves from the target crops. Preprocessing techniques such as image augmentation and normalization are applied to enhance the generalization ability of the models and mitigate overfitting. Transfer learning is employed to initialize the deep learning architectures with weights pre-trained on large-scale image datasets to accelerate convergence and improve the models' performance in limited data scenarios. To evaluate performance of proposed networks various metrics such as validation and test accuracies, precision and recall, F1 score, and the area under the curve (AUC) are considered. From the investigations, the classification accuracy of the finest architectures is as follows: 99.8 percent for VGG16 and 99.4 percent for InceptionResNetV2 on Corn Leaves. The results suggest that the models developed during the investigation phase to identify the leaf disease were superior to any existing Deep Neural Networks (DNNs).
Feb 2021 DOI 10.14302/issn.2692-1537.ijcv-21-3732
Isea RaúlCorresponding author
Fundación Instituto de Estudios Avanzados, Hoyo de la Puerta, Baruta, Venezuela.
This paper resolves analytically a mathematical model that reproduces the transmission of Covid-19 in three interactive populations, i.e. from the initial source of contagion associated with the bat population, subsequently transmitted to unknown host (usually associate with pangolins). The host were sent and distributed to Seafood Market in Wuhan (defined reservoir), and finally infected to the human population. The model is based on a system of ten differential equations reproducing all the possible infection scenarios among all of them, that is: (1) there is no infection in any of the three populations, (2) only the population of bats is infected, (3) only the pangolins, (4) only the human people. Later, combinations between them, this is: (5) both the bat and pangolin populations, (6) bats and humans, (7) pangolins and humans, and finally, (8) all the previous populations. In each scenario, I deduced the critical points as well as the eigenvalues that indicate the equilibrium conditions. Finally, it is demonstrated the validity of the model with the data corresponding to the second wave of infections in Australia.
Feb 2020 DOI 10.14302/issn.2642-3146.jec-20-3179
A. A Berezin.Corresponding author
Independent researcher, Moscow, Russia
A model of a Quantum recurrence in the dynamics of an elementary physical vacuum cell within the framework of four coupled Shrodinger equations has been suggested. The model of an elementary vacuum cell shows that a Quantum recurrence which represents the dynamics of virtual transformations in the cell, qualitatively differs from that of Poincare and the Fermi-Pasta-Ulam. Whereas these recurrences develop in time or space, the Quantum recurrence develops in a sequence of Fourier images represented by non exponentially separating functions. The sequence experiences random energy additions but no exponential separation occurs. The Quantum recurrence can be defined as the most frequent array of Fourier images that appear in a certain quantum system during a period of its observation. Different scenarios of the Fourier images sequences interpreted as bosons (electron and positron) and fermions (photons) apearing in the solutions of the model demonstrate that during some periods of its observation they become indistinguishable. The quantum dynamics of every physical vacuum cell depends on the dynamics of many other vacuum cells interacting with it, thus the quasi periodicity (during the period of observation) of the Fourier images recurrence can have infinite periods of time and space and the amplitudes of the Fourier images can vary many orders in their magnitudes. Such recurrence times does not correspond even roughly to the Poincare recurrence time of an isolated macroscopic system. It reminds the behavior of spatially coupled standard mappings with different parameters. The amount of energy in the physical vacuum is infinite but extracting a part of it and converting, it into a time-space form requires a process of periodical transfer of the reversible microscopic system dynamics into that of a macroscopic system. This process can be realized through a resonant interaction between the classical and quantum recurrences developing in these two systems. However, a technical realization of this problem is problematic.
Jan 2020 DOI 10.14302/issn.2641-4538.jphi-20-3170
Nagaraj NitashaCorresponding author
Research Scientist, The George Washington University, Milken Institute School of Public Health, Department of Prevention and Community Health, 950 New Hampshire Ave, NW, 3rd Floor, Washington
Rates of gender-based violence remain high during college in India, a time of adolescent malleability where gender norms, gender perspectives, and responses to violence are open to change. Few gender-based violence interventions focus on college students and even fewer on bystander intervention as a preventative approach - a concept novel to India. This cross-sectional study reached 603 college students in India to examine current gender norms and perspectives, bystander intervention behaviours, and discussion of gender-based violence on campuses. Statistically significant differences were found between male and female college students in all scenarios of bystander intervention response and frequency of discussion of gender-based violence. Multinomial logistic regression analysis showed significant differences in those who had never seen violence or had a positive bystander intervention response, compared to those who responded negatively. Given the findings, targeting college students appears a promising approach to change the narrative of gender-based violence and norms in India.
Apr 2019 DOI 10.14302/issn.2377-2549.jndc-19-2720
El-hoshoudy A.N.Corresponding author
Production department, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Naser City, Cairo, Egypt.
Currently, enhanced oil recovery (EOR) acquire increased attention to recover more residual oil trapped after the primary and secondary process in petroleum reservoirs. EOR comprise different technologies involving chemical, thermal, miscible flooding techniques. Chemical flooding by the polymer is a widely implemented method on the academic and industrial scale. In this chapter, the authors discuss polymer flooding using polyacrylates that involve hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM), hydrophobically associated polyacrylamides (HAPAM), which grafted with different vinyl monomers such as acrylic acid, methyl methacrylates, and 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS). These polymers increase the viscosity of injected brine solutions, as a result, decrease mobility ratio and enhance sweeping efficiency, so the water act as a piston, which pushes oil in front of it, and consequently increase the recovery factor. The advantages and disadvantages of these polymers as well as comparing different flooding scenarios are reported.
Nov 2018 DOI 10.14302/issn.2640-690X.jfm-18-2485
Luis Turabian JoseCorresponding author
Specialist in Family and Community Medicine, Health Center Santa Maria de Benquerencia. Regional Health Service of Castilla la Mancha (SESCAM), Toledo, Spain.
The transcendence of the doctor-patient relationship is given by the confirmed fact of its influence on the results of health care. Several models of doctor-patient relationship can be described, but evidence of improved compliance, satisfaction and recall of physician information has been found in patient-centered consultations. Since these concepts of doctor-patient relationship and patient-centered consultation have multiple facets, they are complex to understand and teach. Using a metaphor is a tool that can be useful in these situations. We could say that the "good" doctor-patient relationship is a process where an "alliance" is created: a process in which the doctor adapts to the rhythm of the patient and little by little can help him move towards healthier scenarios; that is, detect "what dance the patient dances and like a good dancer, take a step back, another forward, dancing and pacing with the patient. But there is not a single type of "good" or "adequate" doctor-patient relationship; there is not "a single dance that the patient dances". If "the doctor has to dance with the patient", he has to know that there are many types of dance! The doctor will have to dance dances such as Cha-Cha (which has to be slow or very fast to dance), the Mambo (where the music is faster and the rhythm more complicated - the relationship with an urgent patient); the Merengue (which is danced like walking - informal doctor-patient relationship); el Pasodoble (that you have to dance with a haughty air, but not with rigidity -synchronizing assertiveness and empathy); The Salsa (where you have to learn the basic step separately - discontinuity of the doctor-patient relationship), among others.
Oct 2017 DOI 10.14302/issn.2574-612X.ijpr-17-1753
Peter J. VerhagenCorresponding author
Religion and spirituality correlate positively with mental health. Although it is true generally spoken, it is too simplistic. On the basis of four reviews, from the period 1969-2013, the progress that was made and the achievements that were accomplished will be shown. In doing their empirical work the researchers managed to fit in with the evidence-based medicine approach. Thus, their work corresponded more and more to the standard scientific requirements. However, what are the consequences of that fit? And, in what sense could religion become part of ‘the most effective means of achieving health’? That asks for a critical ethical evaluation. Utilitarianism turns out to be the ethical basis of evidence-based medicine and achieving health is its central value. As a consequence, compared with religious traditions religion gets a different content with a strong experiential-expressive focus. That focus fits perfectly with modern Western values. Finally, the findings and discussions will enable us to plot four preliminary scenarios for the impact of research on religion and spirituality on psychiatry and mental health.
Mar 2017
Vélez Ortiz DanielCorresponding author
School of Social Work, Michigan State University
The objective of this study was to examine differences between Latino and White older adults in attitudes toward suicide and physician-assisted suicide in chronic pain scenarios. We used a cross sectional study design at four outpatient care sites in San Antonio, Texas. The study sample included 204 subjects (106 Whites and 98 Latinos), 60 years of age and older, with Mini Mental State Examination scores of 24 or higher. No statistically significant between ethnic group differences in attitudes toward suicide or physician-assisted suicide in chronic pain scenarios were found. However, separate analyses by ethnic group showed that the factors associated with these attitudes differed between ethnic groups, with attitudes among Whites significantly and negatively associated with religiosity and those among Latinos significantly and positively associated with depression, while acculturation was significantly and negatively associated with attitudes toward physician-assisted suicide in chronic pain scenarios. This study’s findings suggest that depression and acculturation among Latino elders and religion among White elders are determinant factors of these attitudes in chronic pain, end-of-life scenarios. Further research is needed with more heterogeneous study samples, including Latino subgroups (e.g. Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, Cubans) and more diverse ethnic groups in terms of socioeconomic status and educational level characteristics.
Jul 2013 DOI 10.14302/issn.2326-0793.jpgr-12-160
J. Fu WenjiangCorresponding author
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 USA
Maternal-fetal genotype (MFG) incompatibility has been shown to be strongly associated with a number of genetic diseases. Most current methods for the MFG test rely on parents-offspring trio genotype data and do not apply to mother-offspring pair data where paternal genotype is unavailable. In this paper, we developed a two-stage method for testing the allelic effect of given SNP through subgroup analysis of compatible MFG pairs and further tested the MFG incompatibility effect according to different scenarios determined by the allelic effect. Simulation studies demonstrated that this novel two-stage model is powerful in detecting the MFG incompatibility effect. This method can be implemented through publicly available statistical software, such as SAS, R, etc. We demonstrate with a case-control study of small for gestational age neonates that the method identified a SNP in the IGF2R gene with a significant allelic effect (p = 0.037), and a SNP in the IGF1 gene with a significant MFG incompatibility effect (OR = 0.75 and p = 0.033).